Science Podcast In this week's show: Civilian casualties in Afghanistan, primate mortality rates, social structure in hunter-gatherer societies, and more. Listen now.
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In this week's issue:
Editorial
Celebrating the Culture of Science
J. Durant and A. Ibrahim
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6022/1242
Research Summaries
This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol331/issue6022/twis.dtl
Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol331/issue6022/twil.dtl
News of the Week
This Week's Section
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6022/1246-a
Around the World
In science news around the world this week, a new long-term study of a generation was announced in London, China is beefing up its space program, a rocket failure sent a NASA satellite plunging into the South Pacific, U.K. funding bodies decided the weight of research "impact," a Brazilian panel reassessed the country's R&D spending, a U.S. bioethics panel examined global clinical trials, and Costa Rica expanded a marine management area.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6022/1246-b
Random Sample
The computer language COBOL is the subject of an exhibition opening 17 March at the Smithsonian. Materials scientists in Japan say they can make the compound iron tellurium sulfide (FeTeS) conduct electricity without resistance if they first soak the stuff in booze. And this week's numbers quantify Jeopardy! scores, electric-car sales, and the cost of identifying Earth's estimated 5.4 million undiscovered animal species.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6022/1246-c
Newsmakers
This week's Newsmakers are Zahi Hawass, who announced last week that he intended to resign his post as minister of Egypt's antiquities in the wake of the country's revolution, and three Hungarian-born scientists who have been honored with a new 
1 million award from a Danish nonprofit organization for their contributions to European neuroscience.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6022/1247
Findings
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol331/issue6022/findings.dtl
News & Analysis
China Bets Big on Small Grants, Large Facilities
The National Natural Sciences Foundation of China, the country's main agency for funding competitive, peer-reviewed research grants, will get 12 billion yuan ($1.83 billion) in 2011—a 17% increase over 2010 and twice its budget just 2 years ago.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6022/1251
Ten Months After Deepwater Horizon, Picking Up the Remnants of Health Data
On 28 February, after 10 months of hearing anecdotal stories of flulike symptoms, rashes, heat stroke, and stress from cleanup workers in the Gulf of Mexico, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services launched the long-awaited Gulf Long-term Follow-up Study.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6022/1252
More Negative Data for Link Between Mouse Virus and Human Disease
A new finding presented at a conference last week throws cold water on the impassioned debate about the link between a novel mouse retrovirus and prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome in humans.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6022/1253
Price Tags for Planet Missions Force NASA to Lower Its Sights
Outside consultants estimating planetary science mission costs for the next decade have produced huge numbers for the largest proposed missions, forcing some painful and unprecedented recommendations in the committee's report.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6022/1254
News Focus
Counting the Dead in Afghanistan
A military data set of civilian casualties, provided exclusively to Science, indicates that the war has become more lethal to the Afghan population, largely because of indiscriminate insurgent attacks.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6022/1256
War as a Laboratory For Trauma Research
The military is sending scientists onto the battlefield to find ways to improve emergency medicine, but the research faces a practical and ethical minefield.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6022/1261
Letters
Projecting Human DNA Patent Numbers
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/331/6022/1264-a
China: Invest Wisely in Sustainable Water Use
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/331/6022/1264-b
Family Planning: Looking Beyond Access
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/331/6022/1265-a
Family Planning: Looking Beyond Access—Response
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/331/6022/1265-b
Books et al.
The End of the World Is Flat
Raphael Bousso
From the second law of thermodynamics and the "light-cone geometry of space-time," Penrose argues that the end of our current expanding universe will serve as the big bang of a new one.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6022/1266
A Hopeful Vision of Food in Africa
Douglas Gollin
Drawing on case studies from Africa and successes in developing countries, Juma describes policy and institutional changes for improving Africa's agricultural output and economies.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6022/1267-a
Books Received
A listing of books received at Science during the week ended 04 March 2011.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6022/1267-b
Perspectives
Listeria Unwinds Host DNA
John R. Rohde
A bacterium uses a viral strategy to manipulate the host cell immune response and optimize conditions for infection.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6022/1271
Rhodopsin as Thermosensor?
B. Minke and M. Peters
A molecule that senses light is also important for temperature discrimination.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6022/1272
Aerosol Chemistry and the Deepwater Horizon Spill
Hugh Coe
Airborne observations reveal the role of less volatile organic compounds in forming atmospheric aerosols.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6022/1273
Crise de Foie, Redux?
David D. Moore
Two nuclear factors work in concert to regulate circadian expression of metabolic genes.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6022/1275
The Deep Social Structure of Humankind
Bernard Chapais
Primatology and anthropology converge on the uniqueness of human society.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6022/1276
The Diamond Within a Silicon Analog of Cyclobutadiene
Yitzhak Apeloig
The distinctive rhombic structure of the central ring of a stable silicon analog of cyclobutadiene provides new insights into antiaromaticity.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6022/1277
Review Articles
How to Grow a Mind: Statistics, Structure, and Abstraction
J. B. Tenenbaum et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6022/1279
Research Articles
Co-Residence Patterns in Hunter-Gatherer Societies Show Unique Human Social Structure
K. R. Hill et al.
Individuals in residential groups in contemporary hunter-gatherer societies are unrelated to each other.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6022/1286
Ordered and Dynamic Assembly of Single Spliceosomes
A. A. Hoskins et al.
Fluorescently labeled yeast spliceosome proteins reveal the events of intron splicing as it happens.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6022/1289
Reports
Organic Aerosol Formation Downwind from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
J. A. de Gouw et al.
Organic compounds of intermediate volatility play an important role in the formation of secondary organic aerosols.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6022/1295
Catastrophic Drought in the Afro-Asian Monsoon Region During Heinrich Event 1
J. C. Stager et al.
An extreme megadrought occurred in the Afro-Asian monsoon region during an iceberg melting episode 50,000 years ago.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6022/1299
Complex Multicolor Tilings and Critical Phenomena in Tetraphilic Liquid Crystals
X. Zeng et al.
X-shaped molecules undergo reversible thermal transitions between phase-separated and mixed states.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6022/1302
A Planar Rhombic Charge-Separated Tetrasilacyclobutadiene
K. Suzuki et al.
A stable silicon analog of a reactive, antiaromatic hydrocarbon has been synthesized and characterized.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6022/1306
Tomography of Reaction-Diffusion Microemulsions Reveals Three-Dimensional Turing Patterns
T. Bánsági, Jr. et al.
Tomography reveals three-dimensional Turing patterns created by the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction running in a microemulsion.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6022/1309
Creating Favorable Geometries for Directing Organic Photoreactions in Alkanethiolate Monolayers
M. Kim et al.
Molecules align in molecular overlayers for photodimerization reactions that would be disfavored in solution.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6022/1312
A Circadian Rhythm Orchestrated by Histone Deacetylase 3 Controls Hepatic Lipid Metabolism
D. Feng et al.
Circadian control of liver metabolism is mediated by cycles of recruitment of the histone deacetylase HDAC3.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6022/1315
A Bacterial Protein Targets the BAHD1 Chromatin Complex to Stimulate Type III Interferon Response
A. Lebreton et al.
A virulence factor secreted by Listeria monocytogenes induces expression of interferon-stimulated genes
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6022/1319
Mechanistic Basis of Resistance to PCBs in Atlantic Tomcod from the Hudson River
I. Wirgin et al.
Chronic pollution of the Hudson River, New York, results in rapid evolution of resistance to the pollutants.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6022/1322
Aging in the Natural World: Comparative Data Reveal Similar Mortality Patterns Across Primates
A. M. Bronikowski et al.
Aging patterns in humans fall within the parameters of other primates in natural populations.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6022/1325
Positive Supercoiling of Mitotic DNA Drives Decatenation by Topoisomerase II in Eukaryotes
J. Baxter et al.
Positive supercoiling of catenated DNA during cell division induces its enzymic decatenation to allow chromosome segregation.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6022/1328
Function of Rhodopsin in Temperature Discrimination in Drosophila
W. L. Shen et al.
The light sensor rhodopsin appears to also function in temperature sensation in the fruit fly.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6022/1333
A Polarized Epithelium Organized by β- and α-Catenin Predates Cadherin and Metazoan Origins
D. J. Dickinson et al.
An epithelium in Dictyostelium discoideum suggests convergence between multicellular animals and slime molds.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6022/1336
Technical Comments
Comment on "Global Convergence in the Temperature Sensitivity of Respiration at Ecosystem Level"
A. Graf et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6022/1265-c
Response to Comment on "Global Convergence in the Temperature Sensitivity of Respiration at Ecosystem Level"
M. D. Mahecha et al.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6022/1265-d
Departments
New Products
A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6022/1340-a
Science Podcast
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6022/1340-b
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