Science Podcast
In this week's show: Infants' awareness of social dominance, studying bird metabolism in wind tunnels, your letters to Science, and more. Listen now.
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In this week's issue:
Editorial
New Views on News and Research
C. Norman and S. Wills
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/377
Research Summaries
This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol331/issue6016/twis.dtl
Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol331/issue6016/twil.dtl
News of the Week
Around the World
In science news around the world this week, a melanoma drug was found to extend life, JPL scientists were ruled to be subject to background checks, Japan's solar sail mission was extended, Egypt demanded the return of a famous bust of Queen Nefertiti, Ecuador stepped up its fight against invasive rats in the Galápagos, the MD Anderson Cancer Center received the largest donation in its history, and stem-cell researchers were asked to share data, materials, and intellectual property.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/382-a
Noted
The European Union is simplifying the bureaucracy of the Framework Programme, its multibillion-euro research funding system.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/382-b
Newsmakers
Newsmakers this week include the winners of one of science's top honors, the Japan Prize; the winner of this year's Crafoord Prize; and the volcanologist who has been chosen as the new secretary general of the European Research Council, the E.U.'s funding agency for individual basic researchers.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/383-a
ERC Still Looking for Women
The low number of women winning grants is a continuing source of frustration for the European Research Council.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/383-b
By the Numbers
Read a sampling of the latest numbers and statistics buzzing around the science world this week.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/385-c
Random Sample
A Stanford University biotechnology researcher has developed a basic game console that nudges paramecia around a microfluidic chamber with chemical gradients and mild electric fields. Descriptions of the whole microarcade including games involving yeast and DNA are being published this month.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/385-d
Findings
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol331/issue6016/findings.dtl
News & Analysis
Collins Sparks Furor With Proposed NIH Reshuffling
A plan to create a new center aimed at developing drugs at the U.S. National Institutes of Health has many biomedical researchers in an uproar, mainly because creating it would entail breaking up another center.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/386
Did Modern Humans Travel Out of Africa Via Arabia?
A German-led team argues on page 453 of this week's issue of Science that tools found under a rock overhang in Jebel Faya, United Arab Emirates, were made by modern humans who may have crossed directly from Africa as part of a migration spreading across Europe, Asia, and Australia.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/387
Despite Sensitivities, Scientists Seek To Solve Haiti's Cholera Riddle
Several cholera experts have told Science that nailing the source of the recent cholera outbreak in Haiti could potentially embarrass the United Nations, distract from the day-to-day fight to control the outbreak, and even lead to violence.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/388
Pressure Growing to Set a Date to Destroy Remaining Smallpox Stocks
The fate of the world's last stocks of the deadly smallpox virus is once again being debated. Last week, the executive board of the World Health Organization began discussing what research remains to be done with the live virus.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/389
Last-Ditch Effort to Save Embattled Ape
At only 22 individuals, the Hainan gibbon may be the world's most endangered primate. Government protection and high fecundity have helped the species recapture some lost ground, giving researchers reason for guarded optimism.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/390
Telling Time Without Turning On Genes
Researchers have now found evidence—in people and in algae—for a eukaryotic circadian clock that works independently of gene activity. This protein-based timekeeper might represent an evolutionarily ancient way of keeping cellular time.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/391
News Focus
A New View Of the Birth of Homo sapiens
New genomic data are settling an old argument about how our species evolved.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/392
The Species Problem
Our ancestors are now thought to have mated with at least two kinds of archaic humans at two different times and places. Were they engaging in interspecies sex, or does the fact that they were able to produce offspring mean they were all members of the same species?
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/394
Going the Distance
One challenge to studying migration energetics: Not every bird will fly for hours in a wind tunnel.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/395
Treading Air
The wind tunnel at the University of Western Ontario in Canada is the centerpiece of a new building that includes indoor and outdoor aviaries, acoustic chambers, behavior-observation rooms, and environmental chambers for controlling light cycles, as well as temperature and humidity.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/396
Letters
Recognizing Scientists and Technologists
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/331/6016/398-a
Genetics-Based Field Studies Prioritize Safety
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/331/6016/398-b
Origins of Biodiversity
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/331/6016/398-c
Origins of Biodiversity—Response
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/331/6016/399
Corrections and Clarifications
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/331/6016/400
Books et al.
Insect Swarm Intelligence
L. Chittka and A. Mesoudi
Seeley weaves together engaging accounts of honeybee biology, group decision-making, and scientific research.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/401
An Embarrassment of Riches
Tim Lewens
Briggle offers an account of the Kass council's fundamental conception of bioethics and considers its performance from that perspective.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/402
"A Sin, a Crime, a Vice, or a Disease?"
Caroline Ash
The curators present an eclectic sample of artifacts, literary works, and art that reflect the use of recreational drugs through time and across cultures.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/403-a
Books Received
A listing of books received at Science during the week ended 21 January 2011.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/403-b
Perspectives
Cloud Computing—What's in It for Me as a Scientist?
Armando Fox
Computational tasks that are inherently parallel, from simulations to student assignments, can be run faster on the data center resources of public clouds.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/406
The Genomic View of Bacterial Diversification
M. C. Enright and B. G. Spratt
By comparing whole genome sequences, researchers reconstruct the evolution and global spread of an antibiotic-resistant strain.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/407
A Tail of Division
A. F. Cowman and C. J. Tonkin
A protein that controls the entry of Toxoplasma gondii into a host cell also plays a role in controlling the parasite's replication.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/409
Why Starving Cells Eat Themselves
D. Grahame Hardie
In cells starved of nutrients, the process of autophagy is induced to recycle surplus cellular components to support cell survival.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/410
Chemical Kinetics Under Test
Millard H. Alexander
A wide range of hydrogen and helium isotopes serve as a fundamental test of isotope effects and tunneling in chemical reactions.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/411
Review Articles
The Newest Synthesis: Understanding the Interplay of Evolutionary and Ecological Dynamics
Thomas W. Schoener
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6016/426
Research Articles
Rapid Pneumococcal Evolution in Response to Clinical Interventions
N. J. Croucher et al.
Streptococcus pneumonia evades vaccines and drugs by high levels of recombination and rapid adaptation.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6016/430
The Genetic Landscape of the Childhood Cancer Medulloblastoma
D. W. Parsons et al.
Genomic analysis of a childhood cancer reveals markedly fewer mutations than what is typically seen in adult cancers.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6016/435
Reports
Rotational Symmetry Breaking in the Hidden-Order Phase of URu2Si2
R. Okazaki et al.
The mysterious hidden-order phase of a heavy-fermion compound may be an electronic nematic state.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6016/439
High-Gain Backward Lasing in Air
A. Dogariu et al.
Focused ultraviolet light creates a distant "lasing spark" in air that can then be used for remote detection.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6016/442
Magnetic Bistability of Molecules in Homogeneous Solution at Room Temperature
S. Venkataramani et al.
A photoresponsive ligand is used to reversibly modulate the magnetic properties of a nickel compound.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6016/445
Kinetic Isotope Effects for the Reactions of Muonic Helium and Muonium with H2
D. G. Fleming et al.
Calculated reaction rates for two hydrogen isotopes, one 36 times heavier than the other, agree with experiments at 500 kelvin.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6016/448
Enhanced Modern Heat Transfer to the Arctic by Warm Atlantic Water
R. F. Spielhagen et al.
Water flow from the Atlantic Ocean into the Arctic through the Fram Strait is warmer than at any time in the past 2000 years.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6016/450
The Southern Route "Out of Africa": Evidence for an Early Expansion of Modern Humans into Arabia
S. J. Armitage et al.
Artifacts in eastern Arabia dating to 100,000 years ago imply that modern humans left Africa early, as climate fluctuated.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6016/453
Phosphorylation of ULK1 (hATG1) by AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Connects Energy Sensing to Mitophagy
D. F. Egan et al.
A protein kinase links energy stores to control of autophagy.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6016/456
Effects of Experimental Seaweed Deposition on Lizard and Ant Predation in an Island Food Web
J. Piovia-Scott et al.
In a simple island ecosystem, a rare pulse of resource input alters the interaction between predator species.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6016/461
Metagenomic Discovery of Biomass-Degrading Genes and Genomes from Cow Rumen
M. Hess et al.
Metagenomic sequencing of biomass-degrading microbes from cow rumen reveals new carbohydrate-active enzymes.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6016/463
Cleavage of NIK by the API2-MALT1 Fusion Oncoprotein Leads to Noncanonical NF- B Activation
S. Rosebeck et al.
An oncogenic fusion protein promotes lymphomagenesis by activating a noncanonical signaling pathway.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6016/468
Intramembrane Cleavage of AMA1 Triggers Toxoplasma to Switch from an Invasive to a Replicative Mode
J. M. Santos et al.
Membrane proteins govern a change from invasion to replication of an intracellular parasite.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6016/473
Big and Mighty: Preverbal Infants Mentally Represent Social Dominance
L. Thomsen et al.
Infants use size as a predictor in judging which contestant will win.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/331/6016/477
Departments
New Products
A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/481-a
Science Podcast
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/481-b
Life on the River of Science
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/331/6016/416
AAAS News and Notes
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/331/6016/422
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